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Tobacco bowdlerization occurs when a publisher or government agency expurgates a photograph, text, or video document to remove images and references to consuming tobacco products. It often occurs in conjunction with traditional restrictions on tobacco advertising, and is most commonly seen on works that are aimed at children. ==Famous incidents== * In 1984, record label EMI used airbrushing techniques to remove a cigarette from Paul McCartney's hand on the cover of the re-release of The Beatles' ''I Want to Hold Your Hand''. * In 1994, a US Postal Service stamp commemorating blues guitarist Robert Johnson used one of the few intact photographs of the musician, which happened to feature him smoking. Photo editing techniques were employed to remove the cigarette from his mouth. * The 1998 NTSC video release of the Disney animated feature ''Melody Time'' in the United States removed several images of Pecos Bill smoking and rolling cigarettes. These scenes were left intact for the British PAL home video release. * In 1999, a US Postal Service again removed a cigarette from a photograph of artist Jackson Pollock for use in a stamp series. * The classic children's story ''Goodnight Moon'' featured a photograph of illustrator Clement Hurd smoking a cigarette on the back cover. In 2005, publishers HarperCollins used photo editing techniques to remove the cigarette from the photograph for the 60th anniversary reprint edition. * In 2006, when releasing ''The Capitol Albums, Volume 2'' record label EMI again removed images of The Beatles' bandmembers smoking on the cover art. Fans were quick to note that in removing the offending object, two of drummer Ringo Starr's fingers were removed as well. * Turner Broadcasting received complaints about smoking scenes in the ''Tom and Jerry'' cartoon series, being rebroadcast on their Boomerang channel. In response, they announced that they would go through their library of cartoons and remove any scenes where smoking was "glamorized". *The Winston Churchill's Britain at War Experience Museum altered a famous photo of Sir Winston Churchill to remove the cigar he was smoking.〔(telegraph.co.uk Winston Churchills cigar airbrushed from picture )〕 *In a similar manner, pictures of Isambard Kingdom Brunel were censored on at least one occasion to remove his cigar before inclusion in educational material. 〔http://www.nce.co.uk/brunel-cigar-airbrushed-from-school-book/528185.article〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tobacco bowdlerization」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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